Arnulfo Arias, Panama's president at the time, ordered Asian immigrants' property to be confiscated. That year, Arias was deposed in a coup, but the persecution didn't end, as Arias' followers forced many Chinese-owned stores to close.

"But they couldn't expel my grandfather because he had a Panamanian wife and children," De Leon said.

Sol de Leon, in traditional costume, dances on a river bank during her visit to China. Provided to China Daily

Her father, Jaime de Leon, was born in the 1930s, along with two sisters. Along with his Spanish name, he was given a Chinese one - Liang Tai Man.

"My father, Liang Tai Man, took care of his father, Liang Tick Fe, until he died. He lived with us - my father, my mother and I in our apartment," she recalled.

"I was the first grandchild to my grandfather. Every day he used to bring me something to eat, like steamed buns filled with sweet black beans."

De Leon still loves the Chinese snack and cherishes memories of her grandfather.

From kindergarten through high school, she attended a Jewish school on a scholarship. She said she relates to the Jewish diaspora and the overseas Chinese communities and the hardships they suffered.

Starting in the early 20th century, the Chinese played a crucial role in Panama's economy. They are said to have owned more than 600 small businesses, on which the country depended.

According to the English-language Panama News, the Chinese community currently accounts for between 5 percent to more than a third of the Panamanian population.

"There are about 150,000 people in this country who can speak Chinese, who look Chinese and who know something about Chinese culture, but there is a much larger group that has at least some Chinese ancestry," explained Tam, the historian.

New immigrants from China are adding to that number.

People from Pingshan, including two classmates of Athena's, have moved to Panama. Today's immigrants are not leaving China out of desperation, but in search of new experiences and opportunities.

"I may go to live and study in another country for a period of time and experience a different culture when I don't need my parents' support," she said. "Experience is important for our generation."

De Leon received her college education in Mexico. With a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, she moved back to Panama and worked in the IT industry. Ten years ago she married a US citizen and moved to the United States.

In Guangzhou, she and her sister hired an interpreter, a young woman who spoke Chinese, English and Spanish. They arrived in Pingshan on Oct 3 by motorcycle taxis on a dirt road.

After an hour's search, someone took them to a family temple with the Chinese character "Liang" engraved above the entrance. From the temple, the group was taken to nearby apartments. All of the families had kept genealogical records. Liang Tick Fe was identified from the Liang family tree.

That moment was surreal, de Leon said. A local resident pointed to a man in his 70s and said to her in Chinese: "He's your brother!"

"In Chinese culture, a cousin is a brother or sister," De Leon explained, still feeling the excitement of that moment. Pointing at her 73-year-old cousin in a photo, she observes: "He has my grandfather's forehead". Someone in the Panama branch of the Liang family gathered the whole family - old and young, including De Leon and her sister - and took the group to a village restaurant for a celebratory feast and many photos.

De Leon called her dad in Panama from her hotel room that night. "I could tell my father had tears at the other end of the telephone," she said.

Her father, who turned 80 last year, has started studying Mandarin. He sends video clips of his practice to his children and grandchildren.

Later this month, de Leon and her husband, Dennis Bress, are making another trip to China. Bress has traveled extensively throughout China since the late 1970s on business and pays close attention to news from China.

The couple will be taking de Leon's two children - Paolo, 21, who just graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara with a major in global studies, and Amy, 19 who finished high school in Southern California and returned to Panama for college two years ago.

"They're very interested in studying the Chinese language," De Leon said. She and the children have been in touch with Athena through QQ, a Chinese Internet conferencing service similar to Skype.

Both Paolo and Amy were recently granted a scholarship from the Chinese government and accepted to Nanjing University. "After our last trip to China, a whole new world has been opened for all of us," de Leon said.

wangjun@chinadailyusa.com