The Joint Plan of Action, an agreement signed by Iran and P5+1 countries, the five permanent members of UN Security Council and Germany, on Nov 24, 2013 in Geneva, Switzerland, comes into effect on Monday. According to the plan, Iran will temporarily freeze parts of its nuclear program in exchange for decreased economic sanctions. This has laid the foundation for further negotiations.

The agreement was made possible by the change in the relationship between the United States and Iran. The genesis of this change can be traced back to June, 2013, when moderate politician Hassan Rouhani won the presidential election. Actually, Rouhani had vowed to improve relations with the West even before his victory. As soon as he took office in August, the US and Iran started negotiations through the Sultan of Oman and achieved a consensus in September.

The UN General Assembly in the same month also marked an essential breakthrough in the process. In his speech, US President Barack Obama for the first time recognized Iran's right to peacefully use nuclear power, and demonstrated that they have no intention of changing Iran's regime. When Rouhani left the United Nations for the airport, the two Presidents had exchanged a call - the first between the leaders of the two countries in 34 years.

Then, after the Iranian foreign minister met with the US secretary of state, negotiations between the P5+1 countries and Iran were restarted, with agreement being soon reached. Its coming into effect on Monday can be considered a milestone in lessening the mutual hostility between the US and Iran.

Of course, nothing frozen for a whole winter can melt in a day; neither can the antagonism between US and Iran. For over three decades the two countries were completely without diplomatic relations, and the lack of mutual trust is now deeply rooted.

Both nations' leaders face enormous domestic pressure in trying to improve mutual relations. The Republicans in the US are calling for stricter sanctions against Iran, while Jewish lobby groups and Israel are also trying to reverse Obama's policy.

At the same time, conservatives in Iran are also exerting pressure to try and curb Rouhani's efforts to improve relations with the US. They don't want a repeat of what happened in Libya, where the regime of Muammar Qaddafi gave up developing nuclear technology about ten years ago only to be overthrown in 2011. Therefore Iran has drawn a red line in its negotiations with the US, namely never giving up its nuclear plans. Iran promises to peacefully use nuclear energy and is willing to accept the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency; it will even restrain itself from producing enriched uranium with military-level density, but it will preserve the capability to produce low-density enriched uranium and nuclear fuel.