Once upon a time, there was a superpower jealous of the
unrelenting modernization of its rival. Now it may be time to update this tale, which like
many fables has a strong element of truth to it.
For the next decade or two there will continue to be only one superpower in
the world, the United States. China's rise to superpower status seems all but
inevitable, but what is remarkable is that China is the country whose
modernization is unrelenting, while the United States, not even seriously
challenged yet, appears tempted to follow the Soviet example.
Put another way, unless things are thought through more clearly, the United
States could let insecurity undermine its self-confidence, plunging toward what
the Chinese are fond of calling "a historical error."
This is why the latest Pentagon assessment of China's military strength,
released last month, makes for such interesting reading. The 50-page report
speaks of a China determined to achieve parity with the United States and to
become "the preeminent power among regional states in East Asia."
One wonders, first, about the choice of language. What does the term
"regional state" mean, for example?
And what, moreover, is unusual about China being the pre-eminent power in
this part of the world - a position that has obtained throughout most of this
country's long history?
More worrisome, though, is the thought that a report like this constitutes
the opening elements in a drum roll intended to motivate the American taxpayer
for a new round of military spending with a new putative enemy - or let's call
it strategic rival.
The reflex to spend on the military in the United States in response to
challenges of any or every kind is hard to cure, and may never be entirely
overcome. What is to be feared, though, as deficits mount and spending on other
productive areas continues to be neglected, is that it could ultimately
contribute to the country's downfall.
A paranoid would be tempted to suspect China of baiting the United States
into an arms race - of using a classic game theory ploy to feign sweeping
modernization in order to get the Americans to overreact in ruinous ways. The
problem is we've never needed encouragement to overindulge the needs of the iron
triangle.
The Pentagon document makes much of double-digit growth in Chinese military
spending, but takes its time in making the point that the arms budget is growing
more slowly than government spending overall. To be sure, China is no slouch in
arms spending, committing $35 billion to its military last year, or 1.5 percent
of its gross domestic product, using official Chinese figures.
The London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies gives a higher
and probably more realistic estimate, putting Chinese military spending at 2.7
percent of GDP in 2003. This should be compared with American spending of 3.7
percent of GDP - a vastly larger GDP.
More interesting still is how China and the United States approach military
spending. China, conscious of its daunting social needs, and more important, of
the fact that "catching up" with the United States is not essentially a military
endeavor, is building on the cheap. Advanced weapons systems are bought from
Russia, rather than home grown. All sorts of things are cobbled together and
reverse-engineered. Other items, like prohibitively expensive aircraft carriers,
have been forgone altogether.
Contrast that with the Pentagon's penchant for extravagance on new weapons
acquisition. Even where old weapons systems are concerned, self- denial often
seems missing from the vocabulary.
As Leslie Wayne reported recently in The New York Times, even as America
builds dubious new systems, like the $200 million-per-unit C-17 Globemaster III
cargo plane, Congress has prevented the retirement of old aircraft, from aging
B-52 bombers to U-2 reconnaissance planes.
Space is often a proxy for military spending, and another area of traditional
superpower competition. In this regard, the Chinese space program provides
another compelling example. There has been near panic in some Pentagon circles
about suggestions by Chinese and American diplomats that the two countries
should cooperate on exploration and research.
Voices warn about the risks of divulging precious, closely held technology.
Here's a radical suggestion: embrace the Chinese request for cooperation so as
to pry away one of Beijing's most valuable secrets. That is, how does China
manage to put together a manned lunar exploration program that is progressing
brilliantly on a budget that wouldn't keep the whole of NASA functioning for a
year?
NASA's budget for 2007 is $16.8 billion. Officially, China has spent 19.3
billion yuan on space programs of all kinds over the past 13 years. A dollar
gets you roughly 8 yuan - unless you're in the space business.
The United States is planning for a China whose military strength will grow
steadily in the years ahead. Taiwan, in particular, will remain a dangerous
fault line, requiring both vigilance and consummate diplomatic skills on both
sides.
But the question is whether the United States is wrong to understand that
China's challenge is primarily military. It is in the realms of productivity,
knowledge and ideas that the real jousting will take place over the next couple
of decades.
In many ways, East Asia has still not emerged from the Cold War, with a Korea
still divided, a Japan at odds with its neighbors over territory and history,
and a China with a fast molting economy and anachronistic political system.
Test China on the basis of its self- proclaimed "peaceful rise," to begin
building a new security architecture in this part of the world that takes into
account both countries' legitimate interests.
In the meantime, focus on modernizing your economy, upgrading the skills of
your workforce and polishing your ideas for the long competition ahead.
credit
to www.iht.com
