日批在线视频_内射毛片内射国产夫妻_亚洲三级小视频_在线观看亚洲大片短视频_女性向h片资源在线观看_亚洲最大网

US EUROPE AFRICA ASIA 中文
Business / View

Curb graft to boost growth, reduce poverty

By ASIT K. BISWAS/CECILIA TORTA JADA/AUGUSTIN BOEY (China Daily) Updated: 2016-05-09 08:19

 
 
Curb graft to boost growth, reduce poverty
 
 
Corruption is perhaps as old as human civilization. But with steadily growing population, accelerating economic activities, and intensification of global inequalities, it has become more commonplace and pervasive. Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the US Federal Reserve, has said: "Corruption, embezzlement and fraud are all characteristics that exist everywhere! It is regrettably the way human nature functions, whether we like it or not".

The magnitude and extent of global corruption is difficult to estimate because such activities are always covert and invariably done in secret. The World Bank estimates that bribery paid across the world every year exceeds $1 trillion. The World Economic Forum estimates corruption costs now exceed 5 percent of global GDP, a huge sum by any account.

Corruption seriously hinders poverty alleviation in developing countries in Asia. According to the Asian Development Bank, some 320 million people in Asia live in absolute poverty. Close to 30 percent of these poor are from South Asia and about 25 percent are from Southeast Asia. Poverty alleviation can at best be incremental when corruption eats into significant amounts of development funds. Asian countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, which together account for half the world's population, all face pervasive corruption.

A World Bank analysis indicates that if developing countries can control corruption and the rule of law is properly enforced, per capita income could increase fourfold in the long term. On average, the business sector can grow by an added 3 percent per year, and socio-economic indicators like infant mortality rate could be reduced by some 75 percent.

More perniciously, several studies have shown that the costs of corruption are disproportionately borne by the poor. This means corruption not only deprives the poor of public goods but also increases income inequality.

Corruption encourages public officials in developing countries not to enforce environmental laws. Projects are approved fraudulently even when they do not meet environmental standards. This indirectly worsens the lot of the poor, and leads to disastrous environmental consequences, which some scholars have referred to as "environmental poverty".

In China, corruption and non-compliance of regulations have often been one of the main causes of rising pollution levels. Illegal discharges of hazardous industrial, mining and agrochemicals have rendered nearly 20 percent of China's non-arable farmlands unusable for growing food crops. In all developing countries in Asia, the quality of water in lakes, rivers and aquifers has deteriorated progressively because of corruption and non-compliance of laws. The long-term health and environmental costs of such corrupt practices are going to be very significant.

Previous Page 1 2 Next Page

Hot Topics

Editor's Picks
...
主站蜘蛛池模板: 欧美激情精品 | 天天干天天色综合 | 成人aaaaa| 成年男女免费视频网站 | 性高潮久久久久久久 | 四虎影院永久地址 | 91一区二区在线观看 | 在线免费日韩av | 亚州男人的天堂 | 视频在线一区二区 | 国产在线视频导航 | 国产一级大片在线观看 | 国产黄色三级 | 自拍 亚洲 欧美 | 亚洲欧美自偷自拍 | 欧美三级视频在线观看 | 免费看成年人视频 | 国产精品嫩草影院俄罗斯 | 美国做爰xxxⅹ性视频 | 69精品久久久久久 | 国产成人97精品免费看片 | 免费黄色av网址 | 视频一区二区三区四区五区 | 国产999在线观看 | 国产视频一二三 | 97超碰中文字幕 | 亚洲精品1 | 成人国产免费 | 亚洲免费精品视频 | 欧美特级黄色大片 | 免费中文字幕视频 | 日韩视频一区二区三区 | 国产中文字幕在线视频 | 国产精品美女 | 在线不欧美| 国产精品视频久久久久 | 精品国产一二三区 | 日韩一区二| 亚洲片在线观看 | 国内毛片毛片毛片 | 欧美视频一区二区在线 |