日批在线视频_内射毛片内射国产夫妻_亚洲三级小视频_在线观看亚洲大片短视频_女性向h片资源在线观看_亚洲最大网

   

Monopoly

(Wikipedia)
Updated: 2006-09-30 15:01

- Efficiency monopoly

An efficiency monopoly exists when a firm is satisfying consumer demand so well that profitable competition is extremely challenging. It is not the result of government granted privilege, subsidies, regulations, etc. To maintain its monopoly position it must make pricing and production decisions knowing that if prices are too high or quality is too low that competition may arise from another firm that can better serve the market. It is often described as a situation where a firm is able to keep production and supply costs lower than any other possible competitor so that it can charge a lower price than others and still be profitable. Since potential competitors cannot match the monopoly's efficiency, they are not able to charge a lower, or comparable, price and still be profitable.

- Natural monopoly

A natural pool is a monopoly that arises in industry where economies of scale are so large that a single firm can supply the entire market without exhausting them. In these industries competition will tend to be eliminated as the largest (often the first) firm develops a monopoly through its cost advantage. In these industries monopoly may be more economically efficient than competition, although because of potential dynamic efficiencies this is not necessarily clear-cut.

Natural monopoly arises when there are large capital costs relative to variable costs, which arises typically in network industries such as electricity and water. It should be distinguished from network effects, which operate on the demand side and do not affect costs. Counter-intuitively, the case of a monopolization of a key source of a natural resource is not considered a natural monopoly, because it is based on the running down of natural capital rather than the amortization of an investment in physical or human capital.

Whether an industry is a natural monopoly may change over time through the introduction of new technologies. A natural monopoly industry can also be artificially broken up by government, although (eg electricity liberalization, eg Railtrack) the results are at best mixed. Advocates of free markets, such as stout libertarians, assert that a natural monopoly is a lot of practical impossibility, and, given that a monopoly is a persistent rather than a transient situation, that there is no historical precedent of one ever existing. They say that the idea of "natural monopoly" is mere theoretical abstraction to justify expanding the scope of government, and that, in the case of nationalization or deprivatization, it is the government intervention itself that creates a monopoly where one did not actually exist.


 123  

(For more biz stories, please visit Industry Updates)



主站蜘蛛池模板: 秋霞影院午夜老牛影院 | 久色免费视频 | 日韩色图片 | 午夜精品久久久久久久第一页按摩 | 日本中文字幕有码 | 婷婷丁香五 | 欧美日本中文字幕 | 日本免费三片免费观看 | 中文字幕高清在线 | 亚洲一二三四在线 | 一区二区三区国产在线 | 手机看片国产精品 | 成人一区二区三区视频 | 国产精品久久精品 | 校园春色第一页 | 91美女在线观看 | 久久精品在线观看 | 日韩在线一区二区三区 | 日韩在线视频免费观看 | 久久视频99 | 亚洲第一页综合 | 三级a毛片| 免费观看毛片网站 | 国产一级在线观看视频 | 亚洲免费在线播放 | 黄色一级大片在线免费看国产一 | 免费黄色国产视频 | 在线观看黄色 | 国产精品69久久久久孕妇欧美 | 午夜免费观看视频 | 国产精品三级 | 欧美在线国产 | 国产激情视频 | 黄色一级大片免费版 | 日韩美av | 欧美一级片在线观看 | 久久国产小视频 | 国产伦理久久精品久久久久 | 狠狠狠久久久 | 九九九色| 调教驯服丰满美艳麻麻在线视频 |