From March to May 1933, the Chinese National Revolutionary Army troops put up stiff resistance against the invading Japanese forces at various Great Wall mountain passes, including Yiyuankou, Lengkou, Xifengkou, and Gubeikou. However, despite their tenacious efforts, Chinese forces failed to withstand the offensive by the better-armed Japanese troops and were forced to retreat from their positions.

Despite its failure to repel the Japanese attacks, the campaign to defend the Great Wall helped to slow down and force a temporary halt to Japan's invasion of North China.