He says a painter was traditionally critiqued for not only his techniques, but also his attainment in other cultural aspects, including literature, calligraphy, seal engraving and appreciation of other forms of art, such as dancing and opera. The works show the artists' brilliance in their incorporation of the essence of the various arts.

Liu adds another distinctive aspect of classical Chinese portraits is to reinforce the philosophy of tian ren he yi-achieving harmony between people and nature through various activities, through which the literati class attempted to elevate themselves to a higher level of self-improvement.

Works that reflect the idea are mainly group portraits that depict well-educated individuals attending yaji-an elegant gathering-to engage in various cultural pastimes, such as practicing calligraphy or artistic and musical appreciation, in a garden decorated with beautiful plants and well-crafted objects.