Unique, but flawed?

Unlike other parts of China where there is only one number for medical emergencies - 120 - Beijing has two main service providers: the Beijing Red Cross, which can be reached by dialing 999, and the Beijing Emergency Medical Center, supervised by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Commission, which uses 120.

Ma Yanming, an official at the Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning, said the organizations share similar functions, but the Beijing Emergency Medical Center doesn't operate treatment centers and only transports patients to hospitals, while the Beijing Red Cross Emergency Rescue Center has its own treatment center.

Although the Beijing Emergency Medical Center provided treatment at its own hospital when it was first established in 1988, the services were withdrawn in 2005.

"The primary reason for stopping 120 (the Beijing Emergency Medical Center) from running its own hospital was to eliminate possible conflicts of interest when it provided emergency services for its own hospital," Ma said.

The reasons behind the founding of the Red Cross center, despite the existence of the Beijing Emergency Medical Center, were essentially market-driven. "The main reason was to introduce competition into the sector and meet market demand," he said.

Yu Ying, a physician who worked in the emergency department at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital for 10 years, defended the Red Cross center, saying the services it provides are essential because a lack of staff and ambulances at the Beijing Emergency Medical Center means it is unable to meet demand in the capital.

Although the Red Cross treatment center was at the center of Zhang's complaint, he was also critical of the carrier, China Southern Airlines, and said he was forced to wait nearly 50 minutes for the plane doors to be opened after landing at the Beijing Capital International Airport, even though an airport ambulance was waiting for him outside.

He also claimed he was forced to "crawl" to the ambulance unaided because members of the cabin crew were quarreling about which of them should transfer him to the ambulance and who should be held responsible in the event of a mishap.

In a statement, China Southern said a malfunction in the plane's braking system had prevented it from taxiing to its allotted parking berth after landing, so the crew had to wait until the aircraft had been towed to the correct location before the doors could be opened.

Beijing Capital International Airport said it would improve coordination with airlines and upgrade its emergency rescue system to ensure that the lives of sick passengers remain the top priority in the future.

The airport ambulance took Zhang to the Beijing Airport Hospital, where the doctors suggested that he should be transferred to either the Beijing Chaoyang Hospital or the Peking Union Medical College Hospital.

An ambulance was requested from the Red Cross center to transfer Zhang to one of the hospitals, but he was instead taken to the Red Cross treatment center, a move driven by the profit motive, according to Zhang, who said the doctors at the center, unable to determine the cause of his problem, even asked him if he had taken illegal drugs.

Zhang Yang's experience exposed mismanagement and a lack of coordination at the airport, according to Zhang Qihuai, a lawyer specializing in aviation at the Beijing Lanpeng Law Firm.

"Airports should give the highest priority to emergency cases involving passengers' lives," he said. "Both airports and airlines should implement effective emergency plans to ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment as quickly as possible."

The Red Cross center became the focus of sustained public criticism after Zhang posted an account of his experience on his micro blog in late November, prompting a raft of comments.

"It's not unusual for 999 and 120 crews to take patients to the hospitals with which they are associated. Some of my friends have had similar unfortunate experiences," wrote one netizen under the username "jasmine0714".

Irregularities

Yu, the former emergency room doctor, said Beijing's emergency services often transport patients to hospitals where they have connections, which means irregularities - such as emergency staff accepting kickbacks from hospitals - are commonplace.

In 2009, the family of a man surnamed Lin who died at the Beijing Red Cross center after a car accident accused the staff of being reluctant to transfer him to a better-equipped hospital. A court in Beijing later ruled that the center should bear half of the responsibility for Lin's death, and ordered it to pay the family compensation of 167,500 yuan.

"To regulate the market, it is imperative that the emergency transfer of patients is completely separate from their treatment at the hospital," Yu said, adding that the problem has been exacerbated by a severe shortage of experienced doctors.

"When I worked at the emergency department at Peking Union Medical College Hospital three years ago, there was a serious outflow of doctors and nurses," she said. "More than 80 percent of the doctors usually quit after working for just two or three years."

The excessive workload and poor pay were the main reasons for the talent drain, she said. "This is a serious problem. How can patients receive good emergency treatment if experienced doctors constantly move on, leaving only inexperienced practitioners to do the job?"

The laws governing emergency services need to be updated and improved to provide badly needed supervision of emergency rescue services, she said. "Greater government investment is required to ensure the sector's healthy development."

Although Zhang Yang said he had accepted the Red Cross center's apology, he stressed that he wants to see the system improve.

"My aim in continuing to fight in recent days was not to gain anything personal, such as an apology or compensation. What I want to see is a change for the better in the current emergency medical rescue system, even if it's just a small improvement. However, I am now confident that it will change for the better."